The Hague, Netherlands — In a move that could redefine the legal responsibilities of nations in the fight against climate change, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) will issue a long-awaited advisory opinion on July 23. The opinion will address whether countries have legal obligations under international law to act against climate change, particularly in protecting the rights of vulnerable small island nations threatened by rising sea levels.

A Historic Legal Turning Point

The advisory opinion, though non-binding, is expected to have profound implications for the future of global climate policy and environmental litigation. This is the first time the ICJ—the principal judicial body of the United Nations—will directly weigh in on the legal consequences of environmental inaction in the context of international law and human rights.

The case was brought forward by the Pacific island nation of Vanuatu, along with a coalition of other small island developing states (SIDS), who argue that inaction on climate change violates their fundamental human rights, including the right to life, health, food, and housing.

The Questions Before the Court

The ICJ has been asked to determine:

• Whether states have legal duties under international law to prevent or mitigate climate change;

• If failure to do so constitutes a breach of human rights obligations;

• And what responsibilities wealthy, high-emitting countries may bear for the impacts on vulnerable nations.

The opinion is based on submissions from over 100 UN member states and international organizations, signaling widespread interest in the outcome.

Implications for Global Climate Action

Although the ICJ’s advisory opinion will not be enforceable like a court ruling, it could influence future international treaties, shape domestic environmental laws, and bolster climate-related cases in national and international courts.

Legal experts suggest the opinion may be used as a reference in lawsuits filed by climate-impacted communities, indigenous groups, and environmental NGOs.

“This is not just about law. It’s about justice for those who contribute least to global emissions but suffer the most,” said Ishmael Kalsakau, former Prime Minister of Vanuatu, who helped launch the campaign.

The Role of Small Island Nations

Small island nations have long been on the front lines of the climate crisis. Rising sea levels, extreme weather, and habitat loss threaten their economies, cultures, and very survival. For these countries, the ICJ opinion represents a chance to gain international recognition of the disproportionate harm they face—and to push major polluters toward greater accountability.

What Happens Next?

Once the ICJ releases its opinion on July 23, it will be presented to the UN General Assembly. While it will not have legal enforcement mechanisms, its conclusions could pressure governments to align national policies with international climate obligations and strengthen international climate agreements.

Observers around the world are closely watching this historic development, hoping it may mark a turning point in the legal framing of climate change as a matter of justice—not just science or policy.